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The Eastern Apache Nations: Mescalero, Jicarilla, Lipan and Plains Apache
An overview of the Apache peoples usually grouped as eastern: the Mescalero, Jicarilla, Lipan and Plains Apache, how they relate, and where their nations are today.
Origins and Identity
Mescalero, Jicarilla, Lipan and Plains Apache
The Apache peoples east of the Western Apache, from New Mexico to Texas and Oklahoma.
Eastern Apache Peoples and the Horse on the Southern Plains
How horses changed life for the Lipan, Jicarilla and Plains Apache on the Southern Plains, and how the rise of the Comanche reshaped their homelands and alliances.
Jicarilla and Pueblo Neighbors: Trade and Shared Places
A careful look at documented ties between the Jicarilla Apache and nearby Pueblos such as Taos and Picuris, including trade, shared markets and uncertain influences.
Lipan Apache Descendants Today: Recognition and Community
How Lipan Apache descendants live today among the Mescalero, in Texas and in Mexico, and why the question of recognition is complicated, explained in general terms.
The Bosque Redondo Years and the Mescalero Apache
The confinement of Mescalero Apache people at Bosque Redondo in the 1860s, why it happened, why many left in 1865, and how it shaped later Mescalero history.
The Jicarilla Apache: Plains and Mountain Ways in Northern New Mexico
Who the Jicarilla Apache are, what the Llanero and Olleros divisions mean, and how plains hunting and mountain living both shaped their history in northern New Mexico.
The Lipan Apache of Texas and Northern Mexico
A history of the Lipan Apache across Texas and Coahuila, their relations with Spain, Mexico and Texas, and the dispersal of their communities in the 1800s.
The Long Road to a Jicarilla Reservation
How the Jicarilla Apache went years without a secure land base in northern New Mexico before their reservation was established in the late 1800s.
The Mescalero Apache: Mountains, Mescal and a Shared Reservation
Who the Mescalero Apache are, where their name comes from, and how their New Mexico reservation came to include Chiricahua and Lipan people as well.
The Mescalero Escarpment and Sacramento Mountains in Apache History
The mountains and escarpments of south-central and southeastern New Mexico and their place in Mescalero Apache history, from seasonal use to the reservation.
The Plains Apache: The Apache Tribe of Oklahoma
Who the Plains Apache are, how their history is tied to the Kiowa, and how the Apache Tribe of Oklahoma exists today as a federally recognized nation.
Why the Plains Apache Were Called Kiowa Apache
Where the outdated name Kiowa Apache came from, how it reflects a long alliance with the Kiowa, and why Plains Apache people are a distinct Apachean nation.
Related topics
More in origins and identity
Apache Origins What scholarship and oral tradition say about Apache beginnings. Migration and Homelands How Apachean peoples came to the Southwest and Plains. Culture and Traditions Shared and distinct ways of life across Apache groups. Heritage Celebrations Powwows, night ceremonies and the many ways Apache communities describe and celebrate their heritage. Early History and Archaeology What evidence says about Apache life before written records. Diversity and Unity The many distinct Apache nations and the ties between them and their neighbours. Migration Stories Southward migration, settlement and the myths that surround Apache beginnings. Apache Identity Belonging, self-names and media images of Apache people. Origins and Belonging How Apache peoples understand origin, identity and belonging, then and now. Southwest Migration The movement of Apachean ancestors into the Southwest and southern Plains. Western Apache Peoples The White Mountain, San Carlos, Cibecue and Tonto Apache and their homelands in what is now Arizona. Common Myths and Corrections Widespread mistakes about Apache peoples, and the documented facts.