Apache Nations Today
How major federal laws and commissions affected Apache nations.
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How the 1934 Indian Reorganization Act ended allotment and led Apache nations such as the Mescalero, Jicarilla and White Mountain Apache to adopt constitutions.
The 1887 General Allotment Act explained, with a look at why most Apache reservations escaped broad allotment and how Plains Apache lands in Oklahoma were affected.
A general history of the 1978 Indian Child Welfare Act, the earlier removal of Native children into non-Native homes, and the role it gives tribal courts and nations.
The 1968 Indian Civil Rights Act applied Bill of Rights style protections to tribal governments. A general look at what that meant for Apache courts and constitutions.
The Indian Claims Commission, active from 1946 to 1978, let tribes file claims for lost land. Why Apache groups received money awards rather than land returned.
How the 1972 Indian Education Act and related laws opened the way to parent committees and Native-controlled schooling on Apache reservations after the boarding school era.
The treaty and trust basis for federal health care, the creation of the Indian Health Service in 1955, and the shift toward tribally operated clinics in Apache communities.
A land-focused look at Apache land claims: homelands sought, sacred places such as Mount Graham and Oak Flat, and why many questions remain unresolved.
The 1830 Indian Removal Act targeted southeastern nations, not the Apache. How Apache removals came later, through concentration on reservations and imprisonment.
How the 1975 Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act let Apache nations run programs through contracting and compacting once managed by federal agencies.
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