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The Apache and the Spanish: A Turbulent Relationship
An overview of roughly two centuries of contact between Apache peoples and Spain, covering missions, presidios, raiding, captives and the peace establishments.
History and Conflict
Spain and Mexico
Apache relations with Spanish and Mexican rule.
Apache Apache Conflict with the Mexicans: A Study of the Tribe's Later Encounters
How Sonora and Chihuahua became a lasting arena of conflict and occasional peace for Chiricahua bands, from the Sierra Madre refuges to the 1880s campaigns.
Apache Apache Conflict with the Spanish: A Study of the Tribe's Early Encounters
How the Spanish presidio line and military policy of the 1700s shaped conflict, treaties and displacement for Lipan, Mescalero and other Apache groups.
Apache Conflict with the Mexicans: A Study of the Tribe's Later Encounters
Apache relations with independent Mexico after 1821, including the decline of rations, scalp bounties in Chihuahua and Sonora, and cross-border raiding.
Apache Conflict with the Spanish: A Study of the Tribe's Early Encounters
The earliest recorded Spanish meetings with Apachean groups on the plains and in New Mexico, and what those sixteenth-century sources can and cannot tell us.
Apache Conflict: The Turbulent Relationship with European Colonizers
A comparison of Apache experiences with Spanish and French colonial powers on different frontiers, from Texas and Louisiana to New Mexico and the Plains.
Apache Encounters: The First Meetings with European Explorers
Who were the Querechos met by the Coronado expedition in 1541, why scholars link them to Apachean groups, and why the identification remains uncertain.
Apache History: The Impact of the Spanish and Mexican Empires
The long-term effects of Spanish and Mexican rule on Apache territory, economies, horses and trade goods, beyond the fighting itself.
Related topics
More in history and conflict
Apache History An overview of Apache history across regions and eras. Apache and the United States Army, treaties, missions and federal policy. The Apache Wars The wars, removal and loss of land, told with care. Resistance and Survival Apache resistance to conquest and the wars it brought, told with care. Impact of Colonization How colonization, disease and settlement changed Apache societies. History Overviews and Timelines Long views and timelines of Apache history. Apache Nations in American History Apache peoples’ place in the wider history of the West and the United States. Cultural Exchange Trade, contact and exchange between Apache peoples and others. Self-Determination in History How Apache nations pressed for justice, governance and redress across the 20th century. Apache Scouts Apache men who served as US Army scouts, and the hard questions their service raises. The Chiricahua Prisoner of War Years The 27-year imprisonment of Chiricahua people in Florida, Alabama and Oklahoma.